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Your Location：Home>Product Center >> Pesticide API and intermediates >> Paraquat
  • Paraquat
Name:Paraquat
CAS No:4685-14-7

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION

【Name】

4,4'-Bipyridinium,1,1'-dimethyl

 Paraquat
【CAS Registry number】
4685-14-7
【Synonyms】
1,1'-Dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium
1,1'-Dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium cation
Dimethyl viologen
Methyl viologendication
Methyl viologen ion(2+)
Methyl viologen(2+)
N,N'-Dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium
N,N'-Dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dication
Paraquat dication
Paraquat ion
Spraytop-graze
Starfire
Paraquat dichloride
【EINECS(EC#)】
225-141-7
【Molecular Formula】
C12H14N2 (Products with the same molecular formula)
【Molecular Weight】
186.256
【Inchi】
InChI=1/C12H14N2/c1-13-7-3-11(4-8-13)12-5-9-14(2)10-6-12/h3-10H,1-2H3/q+2
【Canonical SMILES】
C[N+]1=CC=C(C=C1)C2=CC=[N+](C=C2)C
【MOL File】
4685-14-7.mol

Chemical and Physical Properties

【Appearance】
off-white powder
【Density】
g/cm3
【Boiling Point】
°Cat760mmHg
【Flash Point】
°C
【Solubilities】
soluble
【Color/Form】
Colorless solid
Yellow solid
Off-white powder
【Stability】
No data.
【Storage temp】
Keep in a cool, dry, dark location in a tightly sealed container or cylinder. Keep away from incompatible materials, ignition sources and untrained individuals. Secure and label area. Protect containers/cylinders from physical damage.
【Computed Properties】
Molecular Weight:186.25296 [g/mol]
Molecular Formula:C12H14N2+2
XLogP3-AA:1.7
H-Bond Donor:0
H-Bond Acceptor:0
Rotatable Bond Count:1
Exact Mass:186.115698
MonoIsotopic Mass:186.115698
Topological Polar Surface Area:7.8
Heavy Atom Count:14
Formal Charge:2
Complexity:145
Isotope Atom Count:0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count:0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count:0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count:0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count:0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count:1
Feature 3D Ring Count:2
Effective Rotor Count:1
Conformer Sampling RMSD:0.4
CID Conformer Count:2

Safety and Handling

【Hazard Codes】
T:Toxic
【Risk Statements】
R26/27/28
【Safety Statements 】
S1;S13;S45
【HazardClass】
6.1(a)
【Safety】

Hazard Codes:?ToxicT 
Risk Statements: 26/27/28?
R26/27/28:Very toxic by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed. 
Safety Statements: 1-13-45?
S1 :Keep locked up.?
S13:Keep away from food, drink and animal foodstuffs.?
S45:In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label whenever possible.) 
RIDADR: 2781 
HazardClass: 6.1(a) 
PackingGroup: II

【PackingGroup 】
II
【Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations】
Eye contact may cause injury. Contact with irritated skin, or a cut, or repeated contact with intact skin will cause severe irritation and may result in poisoning. Inhalation exposure may cause irritation, nosebleeds and may lead to poisoning.
Paraquat as a mist or aerosol is an irritant of ... mucous membranes and skin.
It is irritant to eyes.
【Cleanup Methods】
SRP: Wastewater from contaminant suppression, cleaning of protective clothing/equipment, or contaminated sites should be contained and evaluated for subject chemical or decomposition product concentrations. Concentrations shall be lower than applicable environmental discharge or disposal criteria. Alternatively, pretreatment and/or discharge to a permitted wastewater treatment facility is acceptable only after review by the governing authority and assurance that "pass through" violations will not occur. Due consideration shall be given to remediation worker exposure (inhalation, dermal and ingestion) as well as fate during treatment, transfer and disposal. If it is not practicable to manage the chemical in this fashion, it must be evaluated in accordance with EPA 40 CFR Part 261, specifically Subpart B, in order to determine the appropriate local, state and federal requirements for disposal.
Avoid exposure by the use of appropriate protective clothing, gloves, and goggles or masks. Keep spectators away from leaking or spilled product and prevent smoking, and the use of naked flames, in the immediate vicinity ... Prevent liquid from spreading to other cargo, vegetation, or waterways by containing it with the most readily available barrier material, e.g., earth or sand. Absorb spilled liquid and cover contaminated areas with earth, lime, sand, or other absorbent material; sweep up and place in a secure container for subsequent safe disposal. Spillage: Avoid exposure by the use of appropriate protective clothing and face-shield. Empty any product remaining in damaged or leaking containers into a clean empty drum and label. Absorb spillage with lime, damp sawdust, sand, or earth and dispose of safely ... If spillage is large, contain it by building a barrier of earth or sandbags. Decontaminate empty, damaged, or leaking containers with a 10% sodium carbonate solution, added at the rate of at least 1 L per 20 L drum. Puncture or crush containers to prevent reuse.
If paraquat is spilled, ... ventilate area of spill. Collect spilled material in the most convenient and safe manner and deposit in sealed containers for reclamation. Liquid containing paraquat should be absorbed in vermiculite, dry sand, earth, or a similar material.
【Transport】
2781
【Fire Fighting Procedures】
Procedures for bipyridilium pesticides are as follows: Small fires: dry chemical, carbon dioxide, water spray, or foam. Large fires: water spray, fog, or foam. Move container from fire area if you can do so without risk. Fight fire from maximum distance. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. Poisonous gases are produced in fire. If material or contaminated runoff enters waterways, notify downstream users of potentially contaminated waters. Notify local health and fire officials and pollution control agencies. Containers may explode in fire. From a secure, explosion-proof location, use water spray to cool exposed containers. If cooling streams are ineffective (venting sound increases in volume and pitch, tank discolors or shows any signs of deforming), withdraw immediately to a secure position.
If involved in a fire, control with dry powder or alcohol-resistant foam ... Protective clothing and self-contained breathing apparatus should be worn, to avoid skin contamination and the breathing of toxic fumes. Confine the use of water spray to the cooling of unaffected stock, thus avoiding the accumulation of polluted run-off from the site.
【Fire Potential】
This chemical is a combustible solid.
Non-flammable in aqueous formulations.
【Formulations/Preparations】
A complete list of currently registered active pesticide products can be found in the National Pesticide Information Retrieval System's USEPA/OPP Registered and Cancelled Pesticide Product Database. These pesticide products are registered for use in the U.S. but approved products may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved products.
Cyclone Star (Syngenta): 30.1% Paraquat dichloride, 22.3% Carfentrazone-ethyl /Paraquat Dichloride/
Drexel Quik-Quat (Drexel): Paraquat dichloride 43.2% /Paraquat dichloride/
Dynaquat (Source Dynamics): Paraquat dichloride 43.2% /Paraquat dichloride/
Gramoxone Inteon (Syngenta): Paraquate dichloride 30.1% /Paraquat dichloride/
Helmquat 3 SL (Helm Agro): Paraquat dichloride 43.8% /Paraquat dichloride/
Marman Herbiquat Herbicide (Marman): Paraquat dichloride 37.3% /Paraquat dichloride/
Paraquat Concentrate ES (Syngenta): Paraquat dichloride 45.6% /Paraquat dichloride/
Parazone 3SL (Makhteshim-Agan): Paraquat dichloride 43.8 % /Paraquat dichloride/
Paraquat Concentrate (Source Dynamics): Paraquat dichloride 43.2% /Paraquat dichloride/
Paraquat Dichloride Technical (Celsius Property BV): Paraquat dichloride 45.4% /Paraquat dichloride/
Paraquat SL Herbicide (Sinon USA): Paraquat dichloride 43.8% /Paraquat dichloride/
Parquat TC (Helm Agro): Paraquat dichloride 43.8% /Paraquat dichloride/
Paraquat Technical Concentrate (Sinon): Paraquat dichloride 46.2% /Paraquat dichloride/
Paraquat - Discontinued Names: Actor, Boa, Caldercol, Cyclone, Max Dipaxone, Esgram, Fernpath Graminite, Fernpath Pronto, Goldquat, Gramoxone, Gramoxone Max, Gramoxone Super Tres, Nitide, Osaquat Super, Oxone, Parakill, Parapaz, Pilarquat, Surefire, Sweep, Weedol, Woprogram
【DOT Emergency Guidelines】
/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Health: TOXIC; may be fatal if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through skin. Inhalation or contact with some of these materials will irritate or burn skin and eyes. Fire will produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/
/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Fire or Explosion: HIGHLY FLAMMABLE: Will be easily ignited by heat, sparks or flames. Vapors may form explosive mixtures with air. Vapors may travel to source of ignition and flash back. Most vapors are heavier than air. They will spread along ground and collect in low or confined areas (sewers, basements, tanks). Vapor explosion and poison hazard indoors, outdoors or in sewers. Those substances designated with a "P" may polymerize explosively when heated or involved in a fire. Runoff to sewer may create fire or explosion hazard. Containers may explode when heated. Many liquids are lighter than water. /Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/
/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area for at least 50 meters (150 feet) in all directions. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate closed spaces before entering. /Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/
/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/
/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Evacuation: ... Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. /Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/
/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Fire: CAUTION: All these products have a very low flash point. Use of water spray when fighting fire may be inefficient. Small fires: Dry chemical, CO2, water spray or alcohol-resistant foam. Large fires: Water spray, fog or alcohol-resistant foam. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams. Fire involving tanks or car/trailer loads: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. For massive fire use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. /Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/
/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ Spill or Leak: Fully encapsulating, vapor protective clothing should be worn for spills and leaks with no fire. ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). All equipment used when handling the product must be grounded. Do not touch or walk through spilled material. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. A vapor suppressing foam may be used to reduce vapors. Small spills: Absorb with earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers for later disposal. Use clean non-sparking tools to collect absorbed material. Large spills: Dike far ahead of liquid spill for later disposal. Water spray may reduce vapor; but may not prevent ignition in closed spaces. /Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/
/GUIDE 131: FLAMMABLE LIQUIDS-TOXIC/ First Aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. Wash skin with soap and water. Keep victim warm and quiet. In case of burns, immediately cool affected skin for as long as possible with cold water. Do not remove clothing if adhering to skin. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves. /Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, flammable, poisonous; Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, flammable, toxic; Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, poisonous, flammable; Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, toxic, flammable/
/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: Highly toxic, may be fatal if inhaled, swallowed or absorbed through skin. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, poisonous; Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, toxic; Bipyridilium pesticide, solid, poisonous; Bipyridilium pesticide, solid, toxic/
/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may pollute waterways. /Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, poisonous; Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, toxic; Bipyridilium pesticide, solid, poisonous; Bipyridilium pesticide, solid, toxic/
/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at lease 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. /Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, poisonous; Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, toxic; Bipyridilium pesticide, solid, poisonous; Bipyridilium pesticide, solid, toxic/
/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, poisonous; Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, toxic; Bipyridilium pesticide, solid, poisonous; Bipyridilium pesticide, solid, toxic/
/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Evacuation: ... Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. /Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, poisonous; Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, toxic; Bipyridilium pesticide, solid, poisonous; Bipyridilium pesticide, solid, toxic/
/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire: Small fires: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray. Large fires: Water spray, fog or regular foam. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. Use water spray or fog; do not use straight streams. Fire involving tanks or car/trailer loads: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. For massive fire, use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles; if this is impossible, withdraw from area and let fire burn. /Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, poisonous; Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, toxic; Bipyridilium pesticide, solid, poisonous; Bipyridilium pesticide, solid, toxic/
/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Spill or Leak: Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Cover with plastic sheet to prevent spreading. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. /Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, poisonous; Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, toxic; Bipyridilium pesticide, solid, poisonous; Bipyridilium pesticide, solid, toxic/
/GUIDE 151: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ First Aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Keep victim warm and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves. /Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, poisonous; Bipyridilium pesticide, liquid, toxic; Bipyridilium pesticide, solid, poisonous; Bipyridilium pesticide, solid, toxic/
【Reactivities and Incompatibilities】
Incompatibilities: Strong oxidizers, alkylaryl-sulfonate wetting agents [Note: Corrosive to metals. Decomposes in presence of ultraviolet light.] /Paraquat dichloride/
Strong bases
【Other Preventative Measures】
SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses by industrial workers is inconsistent. The benefits or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.
SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in a manner that results in no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose of, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance procedures to confirm the efficacy of the cleaning procedures should be implemented prior to the decontaminated protective clothing being returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing (including shoes/socks) should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.
Entry Restrictions. For sole-active-ingredient end-use products that contain paraquat the product labeling must be revised to adopt the entry restrictions set forth in this section. Any conflicting entry restrictions on the current labeling must be removed. For multiple-active-ingredient end-use products that contain paraquat the entry restrictions set forth in this section must be compared to the entry restrictions on the current labeling and the more protective must be retained. A specific time period in hours or days is considered more protective than "sprays have dried" or "dusts have settled."
The /USEPA/ is establishing the following entry restrictions for non-Worker Protection Standard occupational uses of paraquat end-use products: Do not enter or allow others to enter the treated area until sprays have dried.
Do not apply this product in a way that will contact workers or other persons, either directly or through drift. Only protected handlers may be in the area during application. DO NOT USE AROUND HOMES, SCHOOLS, RECREATIONAL PARKS, GOLF COURSES, OR PLAYGROUNDS.
Users should wash hands before eating, drinking, chewing gum, using tobacco, or using the toilet. Users should remove clothing immediately if pesticide gets inside. Then wash thoroughly and put on clean clothing. Users should remove PPE immediately after handling this product. Wash the outside of gloves before removing. As soon as possible, wash thoroughly and change into clean clothing.
The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated. /Paraquat dihloride/
Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced. /Paraquat dichloride/
For several good reasons, .... herbicides ... should be handled and applied only with full attention to safety measures that minimize personal contact. Many formulations contain adjuvants (stabilizers, penetrants, surfactants) that may have significant irritating and toxic effects. A number of premixed formulations contain two or more active ingredients; the companion pesticides may be more toxic than the principal herbicide. Good hygienic practice should not be disregarded just because a pesticide is reported to have a high LD50 in laboratory rodents.
【Protective Equipment and Clothing】
Wear appropriate personal protective equipment to prevent skin contact. /Paraquat dichloride/
Wear appropiate eye protection to prevent eye contact. /Paraquat dichloride/
Facilities for quickly drenching the body should be provided within the immediate work area for emergency use where there is a possibility of exposure. (Note: It is intended that these facilities provide a sufficient quantity or flow of water to quickly remove the substance from any body areas likely to be exposed. The actual determination of what constitutes an adequate quick drench facility depends on the specific circumstances. In certain instances, a deluge shower should be readily available, whereas in others, the availability of water from a sink or hose could be considered adequate.) /Paraquat dichloride/
The following minimum (baseline) PPE /are required by the USEPA/ for all occupational uses of paraquat end-use products:Mixers and loaders must wear: long-sleeved shirt and long pants, chemical-resistant gloves, shoes plus socks, chemical-resistant apron, face shield. Although there is no direct evidence that occupational handlers have ever ingested a lethal amount of paraquat from a splash or spill, the requirement for a face shield for all mixers and loaders reflects the /USEPA's/ particular concern about accidental swallowing in case of a spill or splash back.
Early-entry personal protective equipment (PPE): The PPE required for early entry is: coveralls, chemical-resistant gloves, shoes plus socks,protective eyewear.
Applicators and other handlers (other than mixers and loaders) must wear: long-sleeved shirt and long pants, chemical-resistant gloves, shoes plus socks.
When handlers use closed systems, enclosed cabs, or aircraft in a manner that meets the requirements listed in the Worker Protection Standard (WPS) for agricultural pesticides (40 CFR 170.240(d)(4-6), the handler PPE requirements may be reduced or modified as specified in the WPS.
Respirator Recommendations: Up to 1 mg/cu m. /Paraquat dichloride/ Assigned Protection Factor (APF) Respirator Recommendation APF = 10 Any air-purifying half-mask respirator with organic vapor cartridge(s) in combination with an N95, R95, or P95 filter. The following filters may also be used: N99, R99, P99, N100, R100, P100. Substance reported to cause eye irritation or damage; may require eye protection. APF = 25 Any powered, air-purifying respirator with an organic vapor cartridge in combination with a high-efficiency particulate filter. Substance reported to cause eye irritation or damage; may require eye protection. APF = 10 Any supplied-air respirator. Substance reported to cause eye irritation or damage; may require eye protection. APF = 50 Any self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece. 
Respirator Recommendations: Emergency or planned entry into unknown concentrations or IDLH conditions: /Paraquat dichloride/ Assigned Protection Factor (APF) Respirator Recommendation APF = 10,000 Any self-contained breathing apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode. APF = 10,000 Any supplied-air respirator that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand or other positive-pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained positive-pressure breathing apparatus. 
Respirator Recommendations: Escape conditions: /Paraquat dichloride/ Assigned Protection Factor (APF) Respirator Recommendation APF = 50 Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator (gas mask) with a chin-style, front- or back-mounted organic vapor canister having an N100, R100, or P100 filter./Any appropriate escape-type, self-contained breathing apparatus.
【Specification】

? 4,4'-Bipyridinium,1,1'-dimethyl- (CAS NO.4685-14-7), its Synonyms are 1,1'-Dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium ; 1,1'-Dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium cation ; 1,1'-Dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium salt ; 1,1'-Dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridyldiylium ; 1,1'-Dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridyldiylium ion (8CI)(9CI) ; Dextrone ; Dextrone X ; Dimethyl viologen ; Methyl viologen (2+) ; Methyl viologen ion(2+) ; N,N'-Dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium ; N,N'-Dimethyl-4,4'-bipyridinium dication ; N,N'-Dimethyl-gamma,gamma'-dipyridylium ; Paraquat ; Paraquat dication .

【Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient】
log Kow = -4.22 at pH 7.4
【Disposal Methods】
SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational harm/injury/toxicity or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.
Paraquat is rapidly inactivated in soil. It is also inactivated by anionic surfactants. Therefore an effective and environmentally safe disposal method would be to mix the product with ordinary household detergent and bury the mixture in clay soil.
If incineration facilities are unavailable for a particular organic or metallo-organic pesticide (except organic mercury, lead, cadmium, and arsenic compounds), additional disposal methods include, soil injection, chemical degradation, burial (in a designated landfill), or well injection. However, persons considering the chemical degradation method should contact EPA's Regional Administrator ... prior to attempting disposal, while the well injection method should only be considered after all reasonable alternative measures have been explored and found to be less satisfactory in terms of environmental protection. If the above approved disposal methods are unavailable, temporary storage of organic and metallo-organic pesticides (except organic mercury, lead, cadmium and arsenic compounds), may be undertaken. /Organic or metallo-organic pesticide/
Group I Containers: Combustible containers from organic or metallo-organic pesticides (except organic mercury, lead, cadmium, or arsenic compounds) should be disposed of in pesticide incinerators or in specified landfill sites. /Organic or metallo-organic pesticides/
Group II Containers: Non-combustible containers from organic or metallo-organic pesticides (except organic mercury, lead, cadmium, or arsenic compounds) must first be triple-rinsed. Containers that are in good condition may be returned to the manufacturer or formulator of the pesticide product, or to a drum reconditioner for reuse with the same type of pesticide product, if such reuse is legal under Department of Transportation regulations (eg 49 CFR 173.28). Containers that are not to be reused should be punctured ... and transported to a scrap metal facility for recycling, disposal or burial in a designated landfill. /Organic or metallo-organic pesticides/
Waste containing paraquat should be burnt in a proper high temperature incinerator with effluent gas scrubbing. Where no incinerator is available, contaminated absorbents or surplus products should be decomposed by hydrolysis at pH 12 or above. A 5% sodium hydroxide (caustic soda) solution or saturated (7-10%) sodium carbonate (washing soda) solution can be used. Before disposal of the resultant waste, the material must be analysed to ensure that the active ingredient has been degraded to a safe level. Paraquat is rapidly inactivated by clay soil. If the above mentioned methods are not possible, it can be buried in an approved landfill. Never pour untreated waste or surplus products into public sewers or where there is any danger of run-off or seepage into streams, water-courses, open waterways, ditches, fields with drainage systems, or the catchment areas of boreholes, wells, springs, or ponds.

Use and Manufacturing

【Use and Manufacturing】
Methods of Manufacturing

Direct quaternization of 4,4'-bipyridyl with methyl chloride.
Paraquat is made by the reaction of Cl with methyl chloride in water. The 4,4'-bipyridyl is made by the reaction of pyridine with sodium in liquid ammonia to give 4,4'-tetrahydrobipyridyl which is oxidized by air to give 4,4'-bipyridyl.
Preparation: ... By reacting aqueous methyl chloride with 4,4'bipyridyl, which is obtained by treating pyridine with sodium in liquid ammonia giving pyridyl radical which dimerizes to tetrahydro-4,4'-bipyridyl and this is oxidized by air, as ... dichloride ... /Dichloride/
Preparation: ... Produced by reaction of 4,4'-bipyridyl with dimethyl sulfate in water. /Paraquat dimethyl sulfate/
U.S. Imports

(1972) 3.39 X 10+9 g
(1975) 4.29 X 10+9 g (Dichloride)
Consumption Patterns

100% for herbicide and desiccant use (1973)
【Usage】

Herbicide.

【Sampling Procedures】
Sprayed or dusted paraquat is absorbed on filter/sorbent systems.
The adsorption of paraquat on activated carbon (number 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6) and 6 cation exchange resins was examined in vitro. Five hundred mg of adsorbent was shaken with 50 ml of paraquat solution diluted with artificial gastric juice or normal saline solution at 37 deg C for 24 hr. After extraction using a Sep-Pak C18 cartridge for the filtrate, paraquat concn was measured photochemically. When using activated carbon, the removal ratio of paraquat in artificial gastric juice was 22.91-40.99%, however, that in normal saline solution was 31.29-91.83%. The ratio of incr was 1.37-2.30 times. When using a cation exchange resin, a significant difference between the removal ratio in artificial gastric juice and that in normal saline solution was not found. The removal ratio of activated carbon number 5 in normal saline solution was comparable to that by cation exchange resin. Calculation of the kinetic constant of paraquat by activated carbon and cation exchange resin showed that the removal rate of paraquat is affected by the presence of sodium cations. [Kitakouji M et al; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 42 (6): 926-30 (1989)] PubMed Abstract
NIOSH Method 5294. Analyte: Paraquat. Matrix: Air. Procedure: Filter collection. Flow Rate: 1.5-2.0 l/min. Sample Size: 90 liters.
... Desorption of /paraquat/ from soil particles, for the purpose of chemical analysis, requires destruction of the mineral particles by refluxing with strong sulfuric acid.

Biomedical Effects and Toxicity

【Pharmacological Action】
- Pesticides used to destroy unwanted vegetation, especially various types of weeds, grasses (POACEAE), and woody plants. Some plants develop HERBICIDE RESISTANCE.
【Biomedical Effects and Toxicity】
Paraquat was poorly absorbed after oral administration to rats, dogs and mice. Once absorbed, paraquat was rapidly distributed to most tissues but especially to lungs and kidneys. Tissues other than lungs did not retain paraquat.
In a dermal absorption study with healthy adult male volunteers, 0.3% of the applied (14)C-paraquat dichloride was absorbed through the intact skin (forearms, and back of the hands and lower legs) during the 24-hour exposure period. /Paraquat dichloride/
Absorbed paraquat is distributed via the bloodstream to practically all organs and tissues of the body, but no prolonged storage takes place in any tissue. The distribution of paraquat is best described by a three-compartment open model with input to and elimination from the central compartment ... The lung then selectively accumulates paraquat from the plasma, by an energy dependent process.
... Poorly absorbed after oral administration to rats, as would be expected for cation ... Rat excreted 81% in feces and 16% in urine. Excretion of (14)C in the bile of rats with cannulated bile ducts was slight or negligible indicating /fecal excretion due to poor absorption/ ... from alimentary tract.
After sc administration ... mainly excreted in the urine ... Rat ... excreted 72% in urine and 13% in feces.
... 30% ... excreted in the feces after an oral dose, /was/ biotransformed, but not after the subcutaneous dose, suggesting the biotransformation may have been carried out by the gut flora. This was also indicated by in vitro experiments with the contents of rat cecum.
... Absorption ... from the GI tract is relatively low, in no cases exceeding 20% of the administered dose. There is a rapid disappearance from the blood with 90-100% of the dose excreted in the urine within 48 hr.
Paraquat ... was administered both orally and ip to pregnant mice. Paraquat did not transfer to embryos in appreciable quantities, relative to amount found in maternal tissues ... Paraquat accumulated in maternal lungs but was accumulated in fetal liver and kidney - not lung tissue.
(14)C paraquat was given by gavage to rats, guinea pigs, and monkeys. Highest serum levels reached 0.5-1 hr after admin. Disappearance from serum was initially rapid but declined. Tissue levels higher than serum levels in rats and guinea pigs. Relative to other tissues, the concentration in lung peaked 32 hr after administration. A small portion was absorbed from GI tract of rats. Excretion in urine and feces was prolonged in all species; excreted 21 days after administration in monkeys.
Single intratracheal instillation of 10 mg/kg of labeled chloride salt to hamsters. Time course change in lung content of (14)C radioactivity was biphasic. The physiological disposition in the lung may be defined in terms of 2 compartment open system model.
Half-life for absorption of radioactivity from lung of hamster administered dichloride salt intratracheally was 21 hr. Major part of radioactivity was excreted in urine (48.18%), 32.84% recovered in air, 3.54% excreted in feces. Lung and then kidney contained highest amounts.
A biexponential body burden curve was observed in hamsters following intratracheal instillation of (14)C paraquat. Elimination rate was slow, beta value of 0.014 hr which corresponds to a half-life of 50 hr.
In fasting dogs, low oral doses of paraquat were rapidly but incompletely absorbed, the peak plasma concentration being attained 75 min after dosing. After an oral dose of 0.12 mg/kg body weight, 46-66% was absorbed in 6 hr. For doses of 2-5 mg/kg, only 22-38% and 25-28% of the dose was absorbed, respectively. Dose-dependent data from dogs and whole body autoradiography suggest that absorption is facilitated in the small intestine.
Gauze pads (16 sq cm) soaked with 10 ml of 1% paraquat solution in water were placed on the backs of rabbits whose skin had been clipped. Duration of occlusive contact was 30 min, 4 hr, or 6 hr (n = 6 rabbits/group). Skin was then washed with water. Blood samples were withdrawn from the rabbits' ears and then the exposed skin (whole skin) was removed and cleaned of fatty tissue. Paraquat concentration in blood (ng/mL) were 100, 540, and 300 after 0.5, 4, and 6 hr of exposure, respectively. Skin concentration of paraquat (ng/mg tissue) were 64, 164, and 144 after 0.5, 4, and 6 hr, respectively. 24 hr after exposure, rabbits in another 4 hr exposure group had a blood concentration of 0 ng/mL and a skin concentration of 110 nm/mg tissue. Immediately after exposure, the blood paraquat level for this group had been 450 + or - 200 ng/mL. In rabbits with skin erythema, caused by rubbing the skin with toluene prior to exposure, blood and skin paraquat concentration after 0.5 hr exposure were 525 ng/mL and 45 ng/mg tissue, respectively.
Paraquat concentrations were determined in specific brain areas of rats systemically treated with different doses of the herbicide and sacrificed at different time periods following the acute administration. The systemic treatment with paraquat gave rise to a regional differential distribution of the herbicide into the rat brain, the highest levels being detected in the prefrontal cortex and hypothalamus. The rate of paraquat elimination showed time dependency in the prefrontal cortex and hypothalamus; by contrast, in the other regions studied the initial drop observed at 3 hr was followed by a second phase of significant accumulation. The concentrations detected into the cortex may account for the neuronal cell death reported in rats following systemic injection of this herbicide. [Corasaniti MT et al; Funct Neurol 7 (1): 51-6 (1992)] PubMed Abstract
The discovery that the herbicide paraquat was selectively accumulated by the lung, both in vivo and in vitro, in comparison with other tissues, provided an explanation for its selective toxicity to the lung. This uptake process is energy dependent and obeys saturation kinetics. A characterization of the process led to the identification of endogenous chemicals that are the natural substrates for the system. Among these are a series of diamines and polyamines, as well as the diaminodisulfide cystamine. It appears that paraquat, because of specific structural similarities to these endogenous polyamines, is mistakenly accumulated by the lung. This uptake process is specifically located in the alveolar Type II cell, the Clara cell, and probably the alveolar Type I cell. With the development of knowledge of the structural requirements of chemicals to be accumulated by this system, it is possible to predict which chemicals will be accumulated by the lung or design molecules that are targeted to the alveolar epithelial and Clara cells. In the wider perspective, this polyamine uptake system has been found on a number of cancerous cells or tissues. [Smith LL et al; Environ Health Perspect 85: 25-30 (1990)] PubMed Abstract
Systemic poisoning by paraquat was reported for prolonged contact with solutions at concentrations as low as 5 g/L. A total of 11 fatalities and two nonfatal cases of systemic paraquat poisoning between 1974 and 1987 were described. Ten of the 11 fatalities were the result of respiratory failure. Six of the fatalities were attributed to contact with a leaking applicator and four of these involved prolonged contact with dilute spray with delayed washing. Five fatalities and the two nonfatal cases were attributed to the deliberate or accidental application of paraquat to the skin. Two fatalities were due to contact with the dilute spray in the presence of skin damage. The oral and dermal LD50 of paraquat in rats were reported in the literature as 100 to 110 mg/kg and 80 to 90 mg/kg, respectively. The difference between these values was related to the method of determining the dermal toxic dose. A significant problem in assessing the data on the dermal LD50 was the tendency of animals to lick the site of paraquat application resulting in both oral ingestion of the chemical and increased likelihood for broken skin. The use of restraining collars on rabbits dermally exposed to paraquat significantly increased the dermal LD50. Dilute paraquat did not diffuse significantly through intact human skin samples in vitro, and in vivo tests on six human volunteers indicated that approximately 0.26% of a dilute dose of paraquat was absorbed through the skin after 5 days. It was concluded that skin damage is essential for sufficient absorption of dilute solutions of paraquat to be fatal.

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