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  • Naphazoline hydrochloride
Name:Naphazoline hydrochloride
CAS No:550-99-2

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION

【Name】
2-(1-Naphthylmethyl)-2-imidazoline hydrochloride
【CAS Registry number】
550-99-2
【Synonyms】
Naphazoline hydrochloride
Naphazoline HCl
naphconforte
naphthasoliumchloride
niazol
privinehydrochloride
prizolehydrochloride
rhinantin
rhinoperd
sanorin-spofa
【EINECS(EC#)】
208-989-2
【Molecular Formula】
C14H14N2?HCl (Products with the same molecular formula)
【Molecular Weight】
246.74
【Inchi】
InChI=1/C14H14N2.ClH/c1-2-7-13-11(4-1)5-3-6-12(13)10-14-15-8-9-16-14;/h1-7H,8-10H2,(H,15,16);1H
【Canonical SMILES】
C1CN=C(N1)CC2=CC=CC3=CC=CC=C32.Cl
【MOL File】
550-99-2.mol

Chemical and Physical Properties

【Appearance】
white crystalline powder
【Density】
1.15 g/cm3
【Melting Point】
254-260℃
【Boiling Point】
440.5 °C at 760 mmHg
【Flash Point】
220.2 °C
【Water】
170 g/L (20℃)
【Solubilities】
170 g/L (20 oC)
【Color/Form】
WHITE CRYSTALLINE POWDER
【Stability】
Stable under normal temperatures and pressures.
【Storage temp】
Keep containers tightly closed. Store in a cool, dry area away from incompatible substances.
【Spectral properties】
UV max (ethanol): 223, 270, 280, 287, and 291 nm (E 1% 1cm = 3622, 239, 286, 196, 198)
IR: 20260 (Sadtler Research Laboratories IR grating collection)
UV: 18667 (Sadtler Research Laboratories spectral collection)
H-1 NMR: 10150 (Sadtler Research Laboratories spectral collection)
【Computed Properties】
Molecular Weight:246.7353 [g/mol]
Molecular Formula:C14H15ClN2
H-Bond Donor:2
H-Bond Acceptor:1
Rotatable Bond Count:2
Exact Mass:246.092376
MonoIsotopic Mass:246.092376
Topological Polar Surface Area:24.4
Heavy Atom Count:17
Formal Charge:0
Complexity:272
Isotope Atom Count:0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count:0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count:0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count:0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count:0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count:2

Safety and Handling

【Hazard Codes】
T:Toxic
【Risk Statements】
R20/21/22;R23/24/25
【Safety Statements 】
S24/25;S36/37/39;S45
【HazardClass】
6.1
【PackingGroup 】
III
【Sensitive】
Hygroscopic
【Transport】
UN 2811
【Formulations/Preparations】
Ophthalmic: Solution: 0.012% All Clear ( with benzalkonium chloride), (Bausch & Lomb), Clear Eyes ( with benzalkonium chloride and glycerin 0.2%), (Prestige Brands), Naphcon ( with benzalkonium chloride), (Alcon); 0.03% All Clear AR ( with benzalkonium chloride), (Bausch & Lomb); 0.1% AK-Con ( with benzalkonium chloride), (Akorn), Albalon ( with benzalkonium chloride), (Allergan), Naphazoline Hydrochloride Ophthalmic Solution, (Bausch & Lomb).
Ophthalmic: Solution: 0.012% with Zinc Sulfate 0.25% Clear Eyes ACR ( with benzalkonium chloride and glycerin 0.2%), (Prestige Brands); 0.025% with Pheniramine Maleate 0.3% Naphcon-A (with benzalkonium chloride), (Alcon) Visine A , (Pfizer); 0.027% with Pheniramine Maleate 0.315% Opcon A, (Bausch & Lomb); 0.05% with Antazoline Phosphate 0.5% Vasocon-A ( with benzalkonium chloride), (Novartis).
Trade names: Ak-Con (Akorn); Albalon (Allergan); Allerest Eye Drops (Pharmacraft); Allergy Drops (Bausch & Lomb); Clear Eyes (Ross); Clera (Person and Covey); Comfort Eye Drops, Degest 2 (Barnes-Hind); Imidazyl (Allergan); Naphcon (Alcon); I-Naphline (Americal); Opcon (Bausch & Lomb); Optazine (Lederle); Otrivin, Privin, Privina, Privine (Ciba); Vasocon Regular (IOLAB).
【DOT Emergency Guidelines】
/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health: TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Poisonous solid, organic, NOS; Toxic solid, organic, NOS (Naphazoline hydrochloride)/
/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or Explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Some are oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may explode when heated. /Poisonous solid, organic, NOS; Toxic solid, organic, NOS (Naphazoline hydrochloride)/
/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet) for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Poisonous solid, organic, NOS; Toxic solid, organic, NOS (Naphazoline hydrochloride)/
/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Poisonous solid, organic, NOS; Toxic solid, organic, NOS (Naphazoline hydrochloride)/
/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Evacuation: ... Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. /Poisonous solid, organic, NOS; Toxic solid, organic, NOS (Naphazoline hydrochloride)/
/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire: Small fires: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray. Large fires: Dry chemical, CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. Move containers from fire area if you can do it without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal; do not scatter the material. Fire involving tanks or car/trailer loads: Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank. ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. /Poisonous solid, organic, NOS; Toxic solid, organic, NOS (Naphazoline hydrochloride)/
/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Spill or Leak: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or flames in immediate area). Do not touch damaged containers or spilled material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER INSIDE CONTAINERS. /Poisonous solid, organic, NOS; Toxic solid, organic, NOS (Naphazoline hydrochloride)/
/GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ First Aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact, avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Keep victim warm and quiet. Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s) involved and take precautions to protect themselves. /Poisonous solid, organic, NOS; Toxic solid, organic, NOS (Naphazoline hydrochloride)/
【Exposure Standards and Regulations】
Nasal decongestant active ingredients. The active ingredient of the product consists of any of the following when used within the dosage limits and in the dosage forms established for each ingredient: ... Topical nasal decongestants: naphazoline hydrochloride.
Ophthalmic vasoconstrictors. The active ingredient of the product consists of one of the following, within the established concentration for each ingredient: ... Naphazoline hydrochloride, 0.01 to 0.03 percent.
The Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations List identifies currently marketed prescription and over-the-counter drug products, incl naphazoline hydrochloride, approved on the basis of safety and effectiveness by FDA under sections 505 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.
【Specification】

The IUPAC name?of?Niazol is?2-(naphthalen-1-ylmethyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole hydrochloride. With the?CAS registry number 550-99-2, it is also named as?Naphazoline. The product's categorie is?Adrenoceptor.?It is white crystalline powder?which is soluble in ethanol, slightly soluble in chloroform, insoluble in benzene and ether. This product is vasoconstrictor drug.?When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of NOx and HCl.

The other characteristics of this product can be summarized as:?(1)ACD/LogP: 3.88; (2)# of Rule of 5 Violations: 0; (3)ACD/LogD (pH 5.5): 1.88; (4)ACD/LogD (pH 7.4): 1.94; (5)ACD/BCF (pH 5.5): 5.25; (6)ACD/BCF (pH 7.4): 5.94; (7)ACD/KOC (pH 5.5): 30.82; (8)ACD/KOC (pH 7.4): 34.89; (9)#H bond acceptors: 2; (10)#H bond donors: 1; (11)#Freely Rotating Bonds: 2; (12)Flash Point: 220.2 °C; (13)Enthalpy of Vaporization: 67.07 kJ/mol; (14)Boiling Point: 440.5 °C at 760 mmHg; (15)Vapour Pressure: 1.52E-07 mmHg at 25°C; (16)Rotatable Bond Count: 2; (17)Exact Mass: 246.092376; (18)MonoIsotopic Mass: 246.092376; (19)Topological Polar Surface Area: 24.4; (20)Heavy Atom Count: 17; (21)Complexity: 272.

Preparation of Niazol: The condensation and cyclization of ethylenediamine?and α-naphthylacetic acid?to get 2-(1-naphthylmethyl) imidazoline (C14H14N2, [CAS NO.835-31-4]), and then?salifing to obtain?Niazol.?Adding?α-naphthylacetic acid and ethylenediamine into the reaction pot, stirring and heating?to 120?°C for 1 hour, then heating to 130 °C for 1 hour.?Distilling out?ethylenediamine and water, collecting 180-240 °C (1.33-4 kPa) fractions to get?2-(1- naphthylmethyl) imidazoline. Then dissolved in the mixture of acetone and ethanol,?leading to?hydrogen chloride gas in the 10-12 °C to?salify,?then we can obtain?Niazol crystals.

When you are using this chemical, please be cautious about it as the following:
It is harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if swallowed, so people should avoid contact with skin and eyes.?If you want to contact this product, you must wear suitable protective clothing, gloves and eye/face protection.?In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately (show the label whenever possible.)

People can use the following data to convert to the molecule structure.
1. SMILES:Cl.N1=C(NCC/1)Cc2cccc3c2cccc3
2. InChI:InChI=1/C14H14N2.ClH/c1-2-7-13-11(4-1)5-3-6-12(13)10-14-15-8-9-16-14;/h1-7H,8-10H2,(H,15,16);1H

The following are the toxicity data which has been tested.

Organism Test Type Route Reported Dose (Normalized Dose) Effect Source
child TDLo oral 2uL/kg (0.002mL/kg) VASCULAR: BP LOWERING NOT CHARACTERIZED IN AUTONOMIC SECTION

LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION
Japanese Journal of Toxicology. Vol. 9, Pg. 295, 1996.
mouse LD50 intraperitoneal 50mg/kg (50mg/kg)
European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry--Chimie Therapeutique. Vol. 28, Pg. 761, 1993.
mouse LD50 intravenous 16500ug/kg (16.5mg/kg) BEHAVIORAL: SOMNOLENCE (GENERAL DEPRESSED ACTIVITY)

BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD

LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Vol. 113, Pg. 341, 1955.

mouse LD50 subcutaneous 170mg/kg (170mg/kg)
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Vol. 86, Pg. 280, 1946.
rabbit LD50 intramuscular 950ug/kg (0.95mg/kg)
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Vol. 86, Pg. 284, 1946.
rabbit LD50 intravenous 800ug/kg (0.8mg/kg)
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Vol. 86, Pg. 284, 1946.
rabbit LD50 oral 50mg/kg (50mg/kg) LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: RESPIRATORY STIMULATION Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift. Vol. 71, Pg. 554, 1941.
rabbit LD50 subcutaneous 4mg/kg (4mg/kg) LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: RESPIRATORY STIMULATION Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift. Vol. 71, Pg. 554, 1941.
rat LD50 intraperitoneal 50mg/kg (50mg/kg)
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Vol. 86, Pg. 284, 1946.
rat LD50 intravenous 6mg/kg (6mg/kg) BEHAVIORAL: SOMNOLENCE (GENERAL DEPRESSED ACTIVITY)

BEHAVIORAL: CONVULSIONS OR EFFECT ON SEIZURE THRESHOLD

LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: DYSPNEA
Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Vol. 113, Pg. 341, 1955.

rat LD50 subcutaneous 200mg/kg (200mg/kg) LUNGS, THORAX, OR RESPIRATION: RESPIRATORY STIMULATION Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift. Vol. 71, Pg. 554, 1941.
【Disposal Methods】
SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices.

Use and Manufacturing

【Use and Manufacturing】
Methods of Manufacturing

IN ALMOST QUANTITATIVE YIELDS BY HEATING 1-NAPHTHYLACETONITRILE WITH ETHYLENEDIAMINE MONOHYDROCHLORIDE @ 175 TO 200 DEG C FOR 1 HR. AMMONIA IS...BY-PRODUCT.
【Usage】

Nasal decongestant.

Biomedical Effects and Toxicity

【Pharmacological Action】
- Drugs that selectively bind to and activate alpha adrenergic receptors.
- Drugs designed to treat inflammation of the nasal passages, generally the result of an infection (more often than not the common cold) or an allergy related condition, e.g., hay fever. The inflammation involves swelling of the mucous membrane that lines the nasal passages and results in inordinate mucus production. The primary class of nasal decongestants are vasoconstrictor agents. (From PharmAssist, The Family Guide to Health and Medicine, 1993)
【Therapeutic Uses】
Adrenergic alpha-Agonists; Nasal Decongestants
Naphazoline is applied topically to the conjunctiva to temporarily relieve congestion, itching, and minor irritation. Ocular decongestants are ineffective in the treatment of delayed hypersensitivity reactions such as contact dermatoconjunctivitis. The vasoconstrictor effects of naphazoline may be used during some ocular diagnostic procedures, but some clinicians prefer phenylephrine to naphazoline for this use.
Ophthalmic solutions containing naphazoline in combination with antihistamines such as antazoline phosphate or pheniramine maleate and/or astringents such as zinc sulfate are commercially available. In the concentrations usually employed, zinc sulfate is a relatively ineffective antiseptic and may promote vasodilation.
Adrenergic (vasoconstrictor); decongestant.
Naphazoline hydrochloride (0.1%), an imidazole derivative with preferential alpha-2 activity, /was instilled/ in 17 eyes of 12 patients with myopathic ptosis due to involvement of the levator palpebrae superioris, in the attempt to selectively stimulate Muller's smooth muscle. Naphazoline significantly widened the palpebral fissure with little change in pupillary diameter and no significant change in ocular pressure, visual acuity and near point determination. However, a reduction of the effect, probably due to tachyphylaxis, was noticed when using naphazoline regularly several times a day for few weeks. In conclusion naphazoline has powerful cosmetical and functional effects in mild to moderate myopathic ptosis above all if taken occasionally. [Uncini A et al; Acta Neurol Scand 87 (4): 322-4 (1993)]
【Biomedical Effects and Toxicity】
Following topical application of naphazoline hydrochloride solutions to the conjunctiva, local vasoconstriction usually occurs within 10 minutes and may persist for 2-6 hours. Occasionally, enough naphazoline may be absorbed to produce systemic effects. Information on the distribution and elimination of the drug in humans is not available

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